AIP1 Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Limiting Hyperlipidemia-Induced Inflammation and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-interacting protein-1 (AIP1) is a signaling adaptor molecule implicated in stress and apoptotic signaling induced by proinflammatory mediators. However, its function in atherosclerosis has not been established. In the present study, we use AIP1-null (AIP1(-/-)) mice to examine its effect on atherosclerotic lesions in an apolipoprotein E-null (ApoE(-/-)) mouse model of atherosclerosis.Approach and Results-ApoE(-/-) control mice developed atherosclerosis in the aortic roots and descending aortas on Western-type diet for 10 weeks, whereas the atherosclerotic lesions are significantly augmented in ApoE(-/-)AIP1(-/-) double knockout (DKO) mice. DKO mice show increases in plasma inflammatory cytokines with no significant alterations in body weight, total cholesterol levels, or lipoprotein profiles. Aortas in DKO mice show increased inflammation and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction with NF-κB activity, correlating with increased accumulation of macrophages in the lesion area. Importantly, macrophages from DKO donors are not sufficient to augment inflammatory responses and atherogenesis when transferred to ApoE-KO recipients. Mechanistic studies suggest that AIP1 is highly expressed in aortic EC, but not in macrophages, and AIP1 deletion in EC significantly enhance oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced NF-κB signaling, gene expression of inflammatory molecules, and monocyte adhesion, suggesting that vascular EC are responsible for the increased inflammatory responses observed in DKO mice. 

Daily Calorie Requirement For You

Many factors determine how much you should eat; factors including your height, age, weight, general state of health, job, leisure time activities, genetics, body size, body composition, and what medications you may be on.

Recently healthcanada published estimated energy requirements for male and female on their website.

Calories per day for male:

Age	Sedentary Level	Low Active Level	Active Level
2-3	1100	1350	1500
4-5	1250	1450	1650
6-7	1400	1600	1800
8-9	1500	1750	2000
10-11	1700	2000	2300
12-13	1900	2250	2600
14-16	2300	2700	3100
17-18	2450	2900	3300
19-30	2500	2700	3000
31-50	2350	2600	2900
51-70	2150	2350	2650
71+	2000	2200	2500

Calories per day for female:

Age	Sedentary Level	Low Active Level	Active Level
2-3	1100	1250	1400
4-5	1200	1350	1500
6-7	1300	1500	1700
8-9	1400	1600	1850
10-11	1500	1800	2050
12-13	1700	2000	2250
14-16	1750	2100	2350
17-18	1750	2100	2400
19-30	1900	2100	2350
31-50	1800	2000	2250
51-70	1650	1850	2100
71+	1550	1750	2000

(These values are approximations calculated using Canadian median heights and weights that were derived from the median normal BMI for different levels of physical activity)

Sedentary level means your typical daily routine requires little physical movement e.g., sitting for long periods, using a computer, relying primarily on motorized transportation. Low active level includes from 30 to 60 minutes of daily moderate activity, such as walking at 3 to 4 mph (5-7 km/h). Active level includes at least 60 minutes of daily moderate activity.

How To Lose 3500 Calories in A Day

You have to burn at least 3500 calories to lose 1 pound of weight. It may seem a tough task but not at all. You can do this in a single day if you follow the step by step process.

There are four steps to do these. I mention these below:

• ·         Calculate your BMR
• ·         Calculate your activity level
• ·         Keep track of calories you take in a day
• ·         Take your decision

BMR stands for Basal Metabolic Rate. It detects the amounts of calories you need to perform your daily bodily functions. Your body needs this amount of foods in a single day.

You do a lot of exercise in a day in a way of sitting, standing, gossiping, lifting weight etc. Calculate your daily activities and figure out how many calories you burn in that day. You can use a calorie calculator to figure out the calorie you have lost.

In the third step, keep track of calories you take each day. Do this for at least seven days. Sum them and then average the result.

There is an equation that will help you to determine to eat more or less.

Your proper food intake = Your BMR + your activity calories – your food calories

If you take more food than the ideal amount, you will gain weight. This calculator helps you to determine the amount you need to take each day and how much calories you should burn in a single day.